GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1.

Purpose: Transfers building load to the ground.

Types:

• Shallow foundations: strip, pad, raft.

• Deep foundations: piles, caissons.

Site Investigation: Soil testing, water table level, load-bearing capacity.

Materials Used: Concrete, steel reinforcements, formwork systems.

Types of Walls:

• Load-bearing

• Non-load-bearing

• Partition walls

Wall Construction:

• Brickwork (English bond, Flemish bond)

• Blockwork (hollow and solid blocks)

Cavity Walls: Improve insulation and prevent moisture penetration.

Functions: Entry/exit, ventilation, lighting, security.

Materials:

• Wood (traditional and aesthetic)

• Aluminum (lightweight and corrosion-resistant)

• UPVC (durable and low maintenance)

Components:

• Frame, shutters, hinges, locks, lintels.

Installation Considerations:

• Proper alignment

• Waterproofing

• Thermal and acoustic insulation

Floor Types:

• Solid ground floors (concrete slab on grade)

• Suspended floors (timber or concrete joists)

Floor Finishes: Tiles, vinyl, hardwood, polished concrete.

Roof Types:

• Flat Roof

• Pitched Roof (gable, hipped)

Roof Coverings: Tiles, metal sheets, asphalt shingles.

Drainage: Gutters, downpipes, slopes.

Traditional Methods: Brick and mortar, timber frame.

Modern Methods: Pre-fabrication, modular, steel frame.

Construction Sequence:

1. Site Clearance

2. Setting Out

3. Excavation

4. Foundation Work

5. Superstructure

6. Roofing

7. Finishes

Site Safety: PPE, signage, scaffolding, training.